They call it Loan Shark Prevention, which would allow post offices to act as banks for poor working people, but credit companies claim it will hurt the poor
Story Transcript
MARC STEINER Welcome to The Real News Network. I’m Marc Steiner. Great to have you all with us. There’s something most of us all have in common, it’s something called debt— our house, student loans, or more specifically, our credit cards and credit card debt. It can swamp any one of us. How do you buy what you need in this country without it? Try this on for size— 450 million credit cards owe banks over $1 trillion. That’s right, a trillion dollars. Now, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Bernie Sanders have proposed a fifteen percent cap on all credit interest. Earlier, Elizabeth Warren and some others in the Senate also sponsored a bill that’s slightly less aggressive— and I said aggressive not, progressive— bill around credit to attach interest rates to the maximum allowed by individual states. Even right-wingers like Tucker Carlson are getting into the act, which we’ll talk about a little bit later.
Let’s focus on the fact that also that 10 million poor, working-class American families in this country who have no access to capital or even a bank, are being strapped with payday loans that can have a 400 percent interest rate— 400 percent. So, what about these proposals? What can actually work and what is the truth behind the politics of all of this? We turn once again to Associate Professor of Economics and Law at the University of Missouri-Kansas City, a former financial regulator and lawyer for the federal government, and author of the book The Best Way To Rob A Bank Is To Own One— Bill Black. Bill Black, welcome back. Good to have you with us. How are you doing?
BILL BLACK I’m well. Thanks.
MARC STEINER Good, good, good. Let’s talk a bit about this. Before we start, let me do this. Let me play this clip. This is Ocasio-Cortez and Sanders announcing their idea.
CONGRESSWOMAN ALEXANDRIA OCASIO-CORTEZ When everyday banks start to charge higher and higher interest rates, essentially your credit card becomes a payday loan. This is not anything radical because we had these laws for a very long time in red states. We had them in blue states. We had them in half of the United States, had usury laws until 1978 when they were repealed. Ever since then, it’s given a blank check for credit card companies and for big banks to charge extortion-level interest rates to the poor. The reason this is a moral issue is because we should not be using people’s misfortune and using people’s income status as a basis for extortion, and as a basis for predatory lending.
SENATOR BERNIE SANDERS But let’s be clear about what we’re talking about. We’re talking about economic brutality. We’re talking about some of the most powerful people in the world, people who make millions and millions of dollars a year, and banks that make billions of dollars a year profit, and they see a real profit center in going after desperate people who, because wages have been stagnant for 40 years, cannot afford the basic necessities of life.
MARC STEINER Bill, So this is clearly going to heighten, kind of, the tensions in this presidential election. What do you think about their proposal? How workable is it? What does it really mean it?
BILL BLACK Okay, so there’s also a proposal too, that goes along with all this to allow the US Postal Service to serve as a public bank—
MARC STEINER Which I was going to ask you out about next but go ahead. Yeah.
BILL BLACK But all of these things fit together, and from the economic perspective, this is an area where the market isn’t working at all the way it’s supposed to. Banks these days can borrow for under 2.5 percent and they’re loaning ballpark at seventeen percent. [laughs] You can see that that’s just staggering profit margins.
MARC STEINER I’m in the wrong business. [laughs]
BILL BLACK Well, we all are, and we have been for some time. I’m glad you raised that, and full disclosure— I am assisting people in Kansas City, where I am much of the year, who are trying to start a credit union to try to basically put payday lenders out of business in Kansas City. I’m not paid anything for that, but I am doing that.
MARC STEINER Okay. That’s good.
BILL BLACK So you will perhaps need to know that to evaluate my comments. Okay, so the fundamental thing you’re supposed to do in lending is this thing called underwriting. People have heard me talk about this a lot about the financial crisis because it was an enormous part of the story, where they deliberately trashed the underwriting system. When you do that, you create something in economics that’s called adverse selection. Adverse selection means you’re going to get a whole lot of ultra, ultra-high-risk folks with a lot of defaults. And so, what you got is a big cross subsidy between people with better credit approaches. They don’t borrow too much. You know, yes, some people get in trouble because they get sick, they lose their job, and such. But we all know there are lots of other people who get in trouble because they borrow on credit cards, not for things they need, but for things that they want.
MARC STEINER Right.
BILL BLACK And we cross-subsidize them. So, the sucker bet that we do in life as consumers is have credit cards, where we pay massively more. And the curve of interest rates we’re paying on these over the last five years or so, is brutally upwards. There, as you may have noticed, are only a few entities that actually offer credit cards. Many different names go on the cards, but the systems, there are only a few of them. And so, they have a lot of market power. And so, the response to adverse selection is not to carefully underwrite, but to have this huge cross subsidy where all of us are paying for folks with much, much higher credit risk. So a) that’s not supposed to happen. Competitors are supposed to arise that actually underwrite, and we should be borrowing at, like, literally six percent, instead of closer to eighteen percent. That’s a massive failure of the markets.
MARC STEINER So, a couple of questions here. One, you just said— there’s just about three or four things I really want to get through here. One of things you just said, though, I’ve not thought about. When you said that the credit card industry basically are fewer companies than we imagine because we think there’s a lot of companies out doing this, could you just briefly describe what you just meant by that? I think most people are not aware of what you just said.
BILL BLACK Right. I mean, the name on the card has to do with who gets that small cut of the fees from the big credit card companies, like Visa, MasterCard, and such. As you know, there are only a few of those and therefore they tend to have very great market power, which is the reason they’re able to charge to use a much, much higher interest rate. Now, that’s the first step. The second step is similar but not the same for payday lending. Payday lending, the magic, where you get the money, the profits, as a payday lender is not in your initial loan. It’s for the group of people— the sweet spot for them, is the group of people that have to take out a new loan to pay it back, and a new loan to pay that back, and a new loan to pay that back, but often pay back substantial chunks. To make a friendly modification of what you said, actually, you can charge often well over 500 percent. In the state of Missouri, again, where I spent much of my time, that’s one of the states you can charge over 500 percent.
Part of the story, which we haven’t talked about yet is the CFPB. That’s Elizabeth Warren’s brilliant new agency to protect consumers. That’s one of the reasons Trump has sought so hard to destroy the agency— to protect payday lenders who are the sleaziest of the sleazy, often criminal. The CFPB was doing the investigations that were leading not just to regulatory relief, but to the imprisonment often by the states. That brings us to the other thing you talked about. It’s quite true what Bernie and AOC were saying, that until about 78’— it actually occurred over about a five-year period. It was a weird thing. Interest rates were essentially deregulated, and they were deregulated nationwide by federal action. By the way, they showed the bipartisan nature that, of course, in 78′ that’s occurring under a Democrat. Then it’s continued, honored under Ronald Reagan. So this is a bipartisan effort. It was a response to the Federal Reserve massively increasing interest rates and then that super long word that you can use in Scrabble if you put it together with others, disintermediation, which just means you take money out of the banks and savings and loans, and put it in money market mutual funds, which were not subject to those interest rate caps.
So lots of money was flowing out of the savings and loans, and that was the excuse not for just bumping the limit up to say, eighteen percent which would have solved the problem, but to be unlimited. Now that allowed two enormous problems. One is the one we’ve been discussing— predation— but the second is at least as big. It causes a different kind of catastrophe, often bigger, and that is unlimited growth. So the lousiest, most fraudulent little bank can now grow at thousands of percent a year by just increasing the interest rate. In the old days with the cap, you couldn’t go above the cap. You couldn’t bring in, literally, billions of dollars overnight in additional funds to grow. And so, the big fraud schemes that brought us the great financial crisis, they’re dependent on this as well. So as a friendly amendment to AOC and Bernie and Senator Warren, I would add this to the mix, which is at least as important in terms of macroeconomic stability and reducing the fraud schemes.
MARC STEINER So a couple of quick things here before we run out of time. I’m curious. When Bernie Sanders and Ocasio-Cortez talk about using post offices as banks, especially for the working-poor who don’t have access to banks, talk about it. Is there a history to that? Is there precedent to that? How would that work, as briefly as you can?
BILL BLACK Yeah. So a) it’s been used in the United States for decades; b) it’s been used in many countries around the world for decades. How does it work? It’s a no frills, plain vanilla, you bring your money here, and we give you your interest rate, and we’re not like Wells Fargo constantly pushing you to buy crap through cross-selling. Can public banks do bad things? Yes, they can become political. They can invest— You know, the Democrats are in power, so they invest in a bunch of things pro-Democrat or they do stupid things in an election year. Those kinds of things can happen in public banking. It’s not nirvana, but if you keep them plain vanilla, they have an excellent track record not just in the United States, but globally providing good services to just regular folks like us.
MARC STEINER So let me play this piece for you. I want to ask you what you make of this. This is our friend Tucker Carlson.
TUCKER CARLSON [FOX NEWS] No doubt many Republicans in the Congress will oppose this bill if only because of who sponsored it. Bernie Sanders and Ocasio-Cortez are obviously demagogues. They don’t mean half of what they say. The other half, they don’t really understand. They’re not impressive, but on this one issue, they are absolutely, indisputably right. So the real question is, why did it fall to a couple of childish socialists to point this out?
MARC STEINER [laughs] So, what do you make of this, Bill? I mean, we have somebody on the right here agreeing with, in some sense, what Sanders and Ocasio-Cortez just did.
BILL BLACK Yeah. Just because Tucker Carlson supports something, it isn’t 100 percent certain to be wrong.
MARC STEINER [laughs] I just had to play that. I mean, it’s because I think this is something, because in many ways this affects so many Americans so deeply at one level or another. Let me just close with this question—
BILL BLACK He’s got it exactly reversed, right. Who is asking these questions? You know, where are the supposedly responsible moderates that are saying the system really is broken, here’s specific ways it’s broken, here’s how we’re going to fix it. The people that are actually doing those things are people like Bernie, Senator Warren, AOC. They’re just perfectly reasonable folks on these issues and people need to stop being scared off by whether this is left, right, or something. This is something that works and what we’re doing now, demonstrably does not work.
MARC STEINER But one very last quick question here before we have to roll. There are people in the banking industry and the credit card industry that push the idea— and they’ve done this with Warren’s bill after she introduced her bill to the other senators— that your FICO score, if it’s not a certain amount, you will never get credit. If people can’t get credit, they can’t buy. If they can’t buy, that means our economy falters, and that people are stuck. So, respond to that.
BILL BLACK Yeah. It’s no benefit to poorer people to get them loans they can’t repay. That makes them worse off. So yes, this is not something that solves poverty. This is not an elixir that’s going to get everybody cheap loans. Lots of people can’t repay big loans. They shouldn’t get big loans. You should have job guarantee programs and such, to work on those kinds of things. Also, there’s never a win like in a war, where you win, and you go home, and it’s all over. The banking and finance industry will always be pushing against us. And so, eternal vigilance and eternal work is what’s required and hey, you know, that’s life in a democracy— work. We have these shards of a democracy.
MARC STEINER [laughs] We have to rebuild the shards into a shiny glass tower or something. Bill Black, thank you so much. Once again, it’s always great to talk with you. I deeply appreciate it.
BILL BLACK Thank you.
MARC STEINER And I’m Marc Steiner here for The Real News Network. Thank you all for joining us. Take care.
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